Molecules & chemical bonds

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Illustrative scale

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H₂OPolar molecule

Bent · 104.5°

O has two lone pairs. The bent shape prevents the bond dipoles from cancelling.

AX₂E₂ · Central lone pairs: 2
A: centre · X: bonded atom · E: lone pair. A double/triple bond is one VSEPR region.

Each line is a shared electron pair; each pair of dots is a lone pair. This flat diagram does not represent the 3D shape.

Total valence electrons: 8 · Shared: 4 · Nonbonding: 4

Select an atom or bond in 3D, in Lewis, or with the buttons above.

Model notes

Spheres, rods and screen distances are illustrative. The space-fill style is not an electron-density surface. Read reference lengths in the details panel.
Lewis is an electron-counting diagram, not electron trajectories or an explanation of O₂ paramagnetism. 3D electron pairs only illustrate the central atom’s nonbonding regions.
Vectors point toward the more electronegative atom and scale with ΔEN for qualitative comparison; they are not measured dipole moments in Debye. The 0.4 and 1.7 boundaries are approximate classification conventions.
NaCl shows a finite lattice crop: 32 Na⁺ and 32 Cl⁻. Surface ions lack neighbours because the lattice is cropped. Nearest-neighbour spacing is approximately 282 pm; no covalent bond order is assigned to NaCl.
Electron transfer is an atom-to-ion diagram, not reaction kinetics. The resource covers ten predefined substances and does not predict arbitrary molecular structures.

Chemistry

Molecules & chemical bonds

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