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Chemistry
Sugar and salt in water
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Drag the background to orbit; drag the bottle or probes to interact. Equivalent keyboard buttons and sliders are in the controls rail. Particles are enlarged.
Preparing the 3D scene…
Macro · 25 °C
V ≈ 1 L
Dissolved 0 gNaCl ≈ 0 mol/LLamp off
Changing the bottle keeps the mixture.
Inlet, drain and evaporation
Water remaining: 1 L
Drain: water and dissolved solute leave together. Evaporation: only water leaves.
Conductivity tester
Display
Add a solute to begin
C = n/V · mol/L
Solution volume ≈ water volume; an illustrative approximation.
No dissolved solutes yet.
- Dissolved
- 0 g
- Solid remaining
- 0 g
NaCl: 0 mol · solubility 36 g/100 g H₂O
Lamp off
Pure water and sugar conduct too weakly to light this test lamp.
Qualitative brightness, not measured conductivity.
Model notes
- Water is at 25 °C. Independent solubilities are NaCl 36.0, anhydrous CaCl₂ 81.3, NaNO₃ 91.2, sucrose 211.4, and glucose about 91 g/100 g water. Common-ion effects, activities and mixture interactions are omitted; concentrated mixtures are not accurate experimental predictions.
- Molarity uses solution volume ≈ water volume and water density ≈ 1 g/mL, ignoring solute volume and mixing-volume changes. Concentration is undefined without water. Draining removes well-mixed solution but leaves sediment; evaporation removes only water.
- Lamp brightness increases with a qualitative ion-concentration index, not measured conductivity, current or power. Different ion mobilities, water self-ionisation, impurities and electrolysis are omitted. Water and sugar solutions are not perfect insulators.
- Particles are enlarged with bounded illustrative counts and motion, not molecular dynamics. Concentrations come from solute amounts, not drawn particle counts. Dissolution and evaporation are sped up; excess solute becomes solid immediately in the model.
- Sucrose has 45 atoms; glucose shows one 24-atom β-D-glucopyranose conformer, not its equilibrium with the α and open-chain forms. Water around ions and OH groups illustrates interaction directions, not fixed coordination numbers. Dashed links are hydrogen bonds, not covalent bonds broken during dissolution.